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Why is there stigma related to HIV and AIDS?

HIV/AIDS is often seen to bring shame upon the person infected, their family and/or the wider community. It is often associated with minority groups or behaviours such as homosexuality, drug addiction or promiscuity and can be seen as the result of personal irresponsibility. Unfortunately negative responses to HIV/AIDS widely exist and often feed upon and reinforce dominant ideas of good and bad with respect to sex and illness, and proper and improper behaviours.

Factors which contribute to HIV/AIDS-related stigma:

• HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening disease
• People are scared of contracting HIV
• The disease is associated with behaviours (such as sex between men and injecting drug-use) that are already stigmatised in many societies
• People living with HIV/AIDS are often thought of as being responsible for becoming infected
• Religious or moral beliefs lead some people to believe that having HIV/AIDS is the result of moral fault (such as promiscuity or 'deviant sex') that deserves to be punished.

“My foster son, Michael, aged 8, was born HIV-positive and diagnosed with AIDS at the age of 8 months. I took him into our family home, in a small village in the south-west of England. At first relations with the local school were wonderful and Michael thrived there. Only the head teacher and Michael's personal class assistant knew of his illness.

“Then someone broke the confidentiality and told a parent that Michael had AIDS. That parent, of course, told all the others. This caused such panic and hostility that we were forced to move out of the area. The risk is to Michael and us, his family. Mob rule is dangerous. Ignorance about HIV means that people are frightened. And frightened people do not behave rationally. We could well be driven out of our home yet again.” - Debbie, speaking to the National AIDS Trust, UK, 2002

Sexually transmitted diseases are well known for triggering strong responses and reactions. From early in the AIDS epidemic a series of powerful images were used that reinforced and legitimised stigmatisation.

• HIV/AIDS as punishment (e.g. for immoral behaviour)
• HIV/AIDS as a crime (e.g. in relation to innocent and guilty victims)
• HIV/AIDS as war (e.g. in relation to a virus which must be fought)
• HIV/AIDS as horror (e.g. in which infected people are demonised and feared)
• HIV/AIDS as otherness (in which the disease is an affliction of those set apart)

Together with the widespread belief that HIV/AIDS is shameful, these images represent 'ready-made' but inaccurate explanations that provide a powerful basis for both stigma and discrimination. These stereotypes enable some people to deny that they are likely to be infected or affected.

Forms of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination

In some societies, laws, rules and policies can increase the stigmatisation of people living with HIV/AIDS. Such legislation may include compulsory screening and testing, as well as limitations on international travel and migration. In most cases, discriminatory practices, such as the compulsory screening of 'risk groups', both further the stigmatisation of such groups and create a false sense of security among individuals who are not considered to be at high risk. Laws that insist on the compulsory notification of HIV/AIDS cases or the restriction of an infected person's right to travel have been justified on the grounds that the disease poses a public health risk.

Perhaps as a response, numerous countries have now enacted legislation to protect the rights and freedoms of people living with HIV and AIDS and to safeguard them from discrimination. Much of this legislation has sought to ensure their right to employment, education, privacy and confidentiality, as well as the right to access information, treatment and support.

Governments and national authorities sometimes cover up and hide cases, or fail to maintain reliable reporting systems. Ignoring the existence of HIV and AIDS, neglecting to respond to the needs of those living with HIV infection, and failing to recognize growing epidemics in the belief that HIV/AIDS 'can never happen to us' are some of the most common forms of denial. This denial fuels AIDS stigma by making those individuals who are infected appear abnormal and exceptional.

Stigma and discrimination can arise from community-level responses to HIV/AIDS. The harassment of individuals suspected of being HIV infected has been widely reported. It is often motivated by the need to blame and punish and in extreme circumstances has extended to acts of violence and murder. AIDS related murders have been reported in countries as diverse as Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, South Africa and Thailand. In December 1998, Gugu Dhlamini was stoned and beaten to death by neighbours in her township near Durban, South Africa, after speaking out openly on World AIDS Day about her HIV status.

Women and stigma

The impact of HIV/AIDS on women is particularly acute. In some societies, women are economically, culturally and socially disadvantaged and may lack equal access to treatment, financial support and education. Women are often mistakenly perceived to be the main transmitters of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Together with traditional beliefs about sex, blood and the transmission of other diseases, these beliefs provide a basis for the further stigmatisation of women within the context of HIV/AIDS.

HIV-positive women are treated very differently from men in many developing countries. Men are likely to be 'excused' for the behaviour that resulted in their infection, whereas women are not.

“My mother-in-law tells everybody, 'Because of her, my son got this disease. My son is a simple as good as gold - but she brought him this disease. ” - HIV-positive woman, aged 26, India

In India, for example, the husbands who infected them may abandon women living with HIV/AIDS. Rejection by wider family members is also common. In some African countries, women have been blamed for the AIDS-related deaths of their husbands.

Families

In the majority of developing countries families are the primary caregivers when somebody falls ill. There is clear evidence that families play an important role in providing support and care for people living with HIV/AIDS. However, not all family response is positive. Infected members of the family can find themselves stigmatised and discriminated against within the home. There is mounting evidence that women and non-heterosexual family members are more likely than children and men to be mistreated.

“My mother-in-law has kept everything separate for me - my glass, my plate - they never discriminated like this with their son. They used to eat together with him. For me, it's don't do this or don't touch that and even if I use a bucket to bathe, they yell - 'wash it, wash it'. They really harass me. I wish nobody comes to be in my situation and I wish nobody does this to anybody. But what can I do? My parents and brother also do not want me back.” - HIV-positive woman, aged 23, India

Employment

Although there is little evidence of HIV being transmitted in the workplace, the supposed risk of transmission has been used by numerous employers to terminate or refuse employment. There is also evidence that if people living with HIV/AIDS are open about their infection status at work, they may well experience stigmatisation and discrimination by others.

“Nobody will come near me, eat with me in the canteen, nobody will want to work with me, I am an outcast here.” - HIV positive man, aged 27, India

Pre-employment screening takes place in many industries, particularly in countries where the means for testing are easily available and affordable.

In poorer countries screening has also been reported as taking place, especially in industries where health benefits are available to employees. Employer-sponsored insurance schemes providing medical care and pensions for their workers have come under increasing pressure in countries that have been seriously affected by HIV and AIDS. Some employers have used this as an excuse to deny employment to people with HIV or AIDS.

“Though we do not have a policy so far, I can say that if at the time of recruitment there is a person with HIV, I will not take him. I'll certainly not buy a problem for the company. I see recruitment as a buying-selling relationship. If I don't find the product attractive, I'll not buy it.” - A Head of Human Resource Development, India

Health care

There are various reports revealing the extent to which people are stigmatised and discriminated against by health care systems. discrimination may include the withholding of treatment, hospital staff refusing to treat patients, HIV testing without consent, lack of confidentiality, and denial of hospital facilities and medicines. Such responses are often fuelled by ignorance of HIV transmission routes.

“There is an almost hysterical kind of fear … at all levels, starting from the humblest, the sweeper or the ward boy, up to the heads of departments, which makes them pathologically scared of having to deal with an HIV-positive patient. Wherever they have an HIV patient, the responses are shameful.” - A retired senior doctor from a public hospital, currently working in a private hospital, India

A survey conducted in 2002, among 1,000 physicians, nurses and midwives in four Nigerian states, returned disturbing findings. One in ten doctors and nurses admitted having refused to care for an HIV/AIDS patient or denying HIV/AIDS patients admission to hospital. Almost 40% thought a person's appearance betrayed his or her HIV-positive status, and 20% felt that people living with HIV/AIDS had behaved immorally and deserved their fate. One factor fuelling stigma among doctors and nurses is the fear of exposure to HIV as a result of lack of protective equipment. Doctors were also reported to be frustrated with the lack of options for treating people with HIV/AIDS, who were seen as 'doomed' to die.

Lack of confidentiality has been repeatedly mentioned as a particular problem in health care settings. Many people living with HIV/AIDS do not get to choose how, when and to whom to disclose their HIV status. When surveyed recently, 29% of persons living with HIV/AIDS in India, 38% in Indonesia, and over 40% in Thailand said their HIV-positive status had been revealed to someone else without their consent. Huge differences in practice exist between countries and between health care facilities within countries. In some hospitals, signs have been placed near people living with HIV/AIDS with words such as 'HIV-positive' and 'AIDS' written on them.

The way forward

HIV-related stigma and discrimination remains an enormous barrier to effectively fighting the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Fear of discrimination often prevents people from seeking treatment for AIDS or from admitting their HIV status publicly. People with (or suspected of having) HIV may be turned away from healthcare services and employment, or refused entry to a foreign country. In some cases, they may be evicted from home by their families and rejected by their friends and colleagues. The stigma attached to HIV/AIDS can extend into the next generation, placing an emotional burden on those left behind.

Denial goes hand in hand with discrimination, with many people continuing to deny that HIV exists in their communities. Today, HIV/AIDS threatens the welfare and well being of people throughout the world. At the end of the year 2007, 33.2 million people were living with HIV and during the year 2.1 million died from AIDS-related illness. Combating stigma and discrimination against people who are affected by HIV/AIDS is as important as developing new medicines in the process of preventing and controlling the global epidemic.

So how can progress be made in overcoming this stigma and discrimination? How can we change people's attitudes to AIDS? A certain amount can be achieved through the legal process. In some countries people who are living with HIV or AIDS lack knowledge of their rights in society. They need to be educated, so they are able to challenge the discrimination, stigma and denial that they meet in society. Institutional and other monitoring mechanisms can enforce the rights of people living with HIV or AIDS and provide powerful means of mitigating the worst effects of discrimination and stigma.

However, no policy or law can alone combat HIV/AIDS related discrimination. The fear and prejudice that lie at the core of the HIV/AIDS discrimination need to be tackled at the community and national levels. A more enabling environment needs to be created to increase the visibility of people with HIV/AIDS as a 'normal' part of any society. In the future, the task is to confront the fear-based messages and biased social attitudes, in order to reduce the discrimination and stigma of people who are living with HIV or AIDS.

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